<p>4:6 <i>One God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all-</i> The theme here is of unity amongst the believers, and so the &quot;all&quot; here I would take as referring to all believers. For through the Spirit, God works through and in within all believers. That is a major theme of Ephesians. The &quot;all&quot; is surely the &quot;each one of us&quot; of :7, and the &quot;men&quot; of :8. The emphasis that &quot;all&quot; believers, &quot;each one of us&quot;, have God urgently active in our hearts and lives through the Spirit was and is necessary because there will always be those in any believing community who feel they are just amongst the crowd, and God's activity is through the leadership and they are mere spectators at a show.</p>